X^eM^o^i^cclinc  an&  Sbtinhaae 


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-'TOd?l-5y,%-;Cf 


noie-T; 


in  tbe  <rau«e  of 


/Iftinisterial  Bbucation. 


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PRINCETON,  N.  J. 


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BX  8957  .13  A315  1898 


The  loss,  decline  and 
shrinkage  in  the  cause  of 


THE  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH,  U.  S.  A. 


Vihc  %oss,  decline  an^  Sbtinhaae 

in  tbe  Cause  of 

/fflbinistedal  l£6ucation. 


A  REPORT  APPROVED 

BY 

THE  SYNOD  OF  ILLINOIS 

AND 
PUBLISHED    BY  ITS    AUTHORITY. 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


The  following  report  was  presented  to  the  Synod  of  Illinois, 
in  session  at  Bloomington,  on  Thursday,  October  20,  1898. 

It  was  received  and  approved  by  the  Synod  and  the  resolu- 
tions accompanying  it  were  unanimously  adopted. 

It  is  printed  in  the  Minutes  of  Synod  for  this  year,  and  by 

order  of  Synod,  it  is  now  published  in  this  form  for  general 

circulation, 

D.  S.  Johnson, 

Hinsdale,  Illinois,  Stated  Clerk. 

Nov.  15,  1898. 


REPORT  ON  MINISTERIAL  EDUCATION. 


To  the  Synod  of  Illinois,  in  session  at  Bloomington,  the  Permanent  Committee 
on  2Iinistenal  Education,  resjjectfully  submits  the  following  as  its  annual 
report  : 

The  past  year  has  emphasized  certain  changes  which  of  late  have 
been  coming  over  the  cause  of  Ministerial  Education.  JNo  cause  is 
more  vitally  related  to  the  welfare  of  the  Church  and  in  none  is  a 
change  for  the  better  or  for  the  worse  more  significant. 

These  changes  have  not  been  sudden.  For  a  long  time  they  have 
been  tacitly  recognized  and  of  late  this  recognition  has  begun  to  be 
outspoken ;  yet  it  is  doubtful  if  to-day  the  Church  at  large  realizes 
how  great  these  changes  are.  These  wliich  we  note  are  sucli  as  have 
taken  place  within  the  last  four  years  and  this  period  is  selected 
because  it  covers  the  active  connection  with  this  ^|prk  of  the 
author  of  the  report,  the  chairman  of  Dur  Committee  for  this  year. 
These  changes  which  must  have  had  their  beginning  long  before  this 
period  have  developed  rapidly  and  now  it  is  upon  us  that  the  burden 
rests  of  interpreting  correctly  tlieir  significance.  In  doing  this,  the 
facts  are  at  hand.  They  are  plain  and  open  to  one  who  reads  the 
records  of  our  Presbyteries,  the  reports  of  our  Board  of  Education  and 
the  minutes  of  our  Assembly.  Any  mistakes  In  our  interpretation  of 
them  can  readily  be  corrected. 

LOSS,  DECLIXE  AND  SHRINKAGE. 

These  facts  tell  a  story  of  loss,  of  decline  and  of  shrinkage,  and  the 
story  is  the  same,  whether  we  look  at  the  number  of  candidates  for  the 
gospel  ministry,  or  at  the  number  of  beneficiaries  receiving  pecuniary 
ai(Jin  their  courses  of  study,  or  at  the  contributions  of  our  Church  to 
this  cause.  Table  A  shows  this  loss.  In  the  number  of  candidates 
there  is  a  loss  of  316,  or  21  per  cent ;  in  the  number  of  beneficiaries, 
there  is  a  decline  of  over  21  per  cent.,  or  217  ;  in  the  contributions  to 
the  cause  of  Education  as  a  wliole.  there  is  a  shrinkage  of  over  60  per 
cent.,  $130,581,  from  $214,637.00  to  $84,056.00.*  The  receipts  of  the 
Board  of  Education  show  the  effect  of  this  shrinkage.  Its  total  figures 
for  1895  were  $125,554,  for  1898,  $75,625,  a  difference  of  $49,000.00,  or  39 
per  cent.  Some  of  this  difference  is  due  to  legacies,  .some  due  to  in- 
vestments paid  in ;  but  the  contributions  of  the  churches.  Sabbath 
Schools  and  Young  People's  Societies  have  shrunk  steadily  from 
$50,901  in  1895  to  $43,368  in  1898,  a  loss  of  $7,532.00  or  15  per  cent. 
Belief  for  this  shrinkage  in  the  receipts  of  the  Board  has  been  sought 

*  The  fig-ures  for  1895  are  the  largest  since  1890  i$i70:656).  The  flg-ures  for  1898  are 
the  smallest  since  1879  ($82,585).  That  is,  the  Church  g-ave  less  last  year  to  the 
g-eneral  cause  of  Ministerial  Education  than  it  has  g-iven  for  nineteen  years. 


in  the  increase  of  contributing  cliurclies  from  3,1(35  to  3,523,  or  358 ;  but 
the  relief  is  more  apparent  than  real,  for  there  are  still  more  churches 
that  do  not  contribute  to  the  Board  tlian  those  that  do,  the  difference 
being  585.  Further,  an  increase  in  the  number  of  offerings,  accompa- 
nied bj'  a  steady  shrinkage  in  the  total  amount  of  the  offerings, 
is  anomalous  and  unsatisfactory.  Our  Synod  lias  had  its  full  share  of 
this  decline  and  shrinkage.  In  1895  we  had  72  candidates  receiving 
aid  and  228  of  our  churches  contributed  $4,576.00  to  the  funds  of 
the  Board;  but  in  1898  we  had  only  41  candidates  receiving  aid  and 
248  churches  contributed  only  $3,108.00,  a  loss  of  31  candidates  and 
$1,468.00  in  offerings. 

These  are  the  figures.  They  are  easily  accessible,  and  errors  in  the 
use  of  them  can  be  coiTccted  readily.  In  our  view,  they  are  enough  to 
arouse  the  Church  to  the  most  searcliing  inquiry.  A  business  house 
which  loses  60  per  cent,  of  its  income  in  four  years  would  not  rest  until 
the  cause  was  explained,  and  a  Church  which  suffered  a  decline  of  21 
percent,  iu  its -candidates  for  the  ministry,  must  sooner  or  later  cry 
out  in  alarm  for  her  perpetuity. 

The  Synod  will  doubtless  be  surprised  by  this  condition  of  affairs. 
Most  of  us  luive  felt  that  something  was  wrong,  but  we  have  been  en- 
tirely unprepared  for  sucli  a  showing.  It  dismisses  at  once  all  super- 
ficial and  temporizing  explanations  wliich  have  been  offered  and  it 
sends  us  to  the  root  of  the  matter  that  we  may  make  inquiry  into  the 
cause  and  the  cure  of  this  condition  of  affairs. 

VARIOUS   KXPLANATIOXS — "MINISTERS    ENOUGH." 

Various  explanations  of  this  loss,  decline  and  shrinkage  are  offered: 
fa)  It  is  said  that  the  supply  of  ministers  is  sufficient  and  that  for 
this  reason  the  number  of  candidates  has  fallen  oft'.  The  growth  of 
the  Church,  however,  within  this  period  has  been  steady,  if  notrapid. 
We  are  stronger  by  139  churciies.  7,635  as  against  7.496.  We  have  52,- 
973  more  communicants  now  than  four  years  ago,  975,877  as  against 
922,904,  an  increase  of  over  5  per  cent.  Our  Sabbath  schools  are 
stronger  by  39,371  members  than  they  were  in  1895,  1,034,164  as  against 
994,793,  an  increase  of  over  4  per  cent.  This  is  real  progress,  even  if 
it  be  slow  progress  and  these  cliurches  must  be  supplied,  these  com- 
municants must  be  ministered  to,  these  Sabbath  scliool  children  must 
be  cared  for;  yet  in  the  number  of  men  we  are  preparing  to  take 
charge  of  these  churches  and  of  tliese  members,  we  show  a  decline  of 
317  or  21  per  cent,  and  a  shrinkage  in  the  total  contributions  of  the 
Ciiurch  of  over  60  per  cent.  While  the  Church  has  been  moving  for- 
ward, our  supply  for  tlie  future  ministry  is  moving  backward. 

••5IIN1STEUS  FKOM  OTHER  SOURCES." 

(bi  it  is  urged  tliat  from  other  sources  than  our  own  system  of  can- 
didature, the  number  of  ministers  is  now  recruited  and  that  in  this 
way  our  clmrches  are  supi)lied.  Tliese  sources  are  ministers  from 
other  denominations  and  ministers  ordained  witliout  our  regular 
course  of  training.  Unfortunately  the  facts  do  not  sustain  this  claim. 
We  received  last  vear  from  other  denominations  onlv  .54  men.  wiiile  at 


the  beginning  of  this  period  we  received  82.  or  28  more.  Whatever 
the  danger  then  from  the  incursions  of  these  men  of  other  bodies  may 
be,  it  is  diminishing.  There  are  here  and  there  exceptional  cases  in 
which  candidates  have  been  ordained  without  the  full  course  of  train- 
ing. But  there  have  alwaj-s  been  such  cases  and  it  has  not  been 
proved  that  they  are  on  the  increase.  The  number  of  ordinations  last 
year  (290)  compared  with  the  number  of  candidates  (1,161)  and  licen- 
tiates '469)  affords  no  ground  for  assertion  on  this  point.  The  alarm 
felt  lest  our  ministry  be  degraded  from  these  sources  is  probably  ex- 
aggerated. In  any  case  these  sources  of  supply  are  not  enough  to 
explain  the  decline  in  our  number  of  candidates  and  the  shrinkage  in 
our  contributions.    The  cause  lies  deeper  than  that. 

"VACANT  CHURCHES  AND  UNEMPLOYED  3IIN1STEKS. " 

ici  It  is  sometimes  urged  that  an  explanation  is  to  be  found  some- 
where within  the  difficult  problem  of  the  vacant  church  and  the  un- 
employed minister  and  it  is  said  that  if  our  unemployed  ministers 
should  be  settled  over  our  vacant  churches,  we  would  not  need  candi- 
dates for  many  years  to  come.  Theoretically,  this  is  in  a  great  meas- 
ure true.  Table  C  has  recently  been  prepared  and  it  shows  that  if 
the  ministers  marked  "Ev."  (many  of  whom  are  without  regular 
ministerial  occupation,)  be  added  to  those  marked  "W.  C",  the  total 
(885)  would  be  sulUcient  to  supply  the  vacant  churches  of  the  year 
(837).  This,  however,  is  only  a  theoretical  possibility,  for  no  method 
has  ever  been  devised  to  bring  it  about  practically.  The  churches 
continue  vacant  and  the  ministers  unemployed:  for  what  reason,  we 
need  not  here  inquire.  Vv^e  must  note,  however,  that  the  number  of 
vacant  churches  has  lessened  by  184,  showing  a  demand  for  more 
ministers  and  at  the  same  time  the  number  of  unemployed  ministers 
shows  a  slight  increase.  If  there  were  any  vital  connection  between 
our  system  of  candidature  and  our  number  of  unemployed  ministervS, 
the  decline  in  the  number  of  candidates  should  have  been  accom- 
panied by  a  decline  in  the  number  of  unemployed  ministers  to  show 
that  the  unemployed  were  filling  the  places  for  which  the  candiaaxes 
were  being  educated.  That  such  is  not  the  case,  however,  appears 
from  the  table  and  the  problem  is  left  unsolved. 

"the  financial  depression." 

id)  The  financial  depression  of  the  last  four  j'ears  is  confidently 
urged  in  explanation  of  the  shrinkage  in  contributions.  Doubtless 
the  churches  have  felt  the  depression  that  has  affected  the  business 
world  so  seriously;  but  that  depression  is  not  apparent  in  the  reports 
of  the  Presbyteries  for  the  period  under  consideration.  Our  Church 
gives  evidence  of  her  steadfastness  in  these  trying  times  by  an  in- 
crease of  $298,750.00  in  her  contributions  for  congregational  expenses, 
$10,219,891.00  as  against  $9,921,141.00.  At  what  cost  to  her  faithful 
sons  and  daughters  this  generous  increase  has  been  made,  the  figures 
do  not  tell. 

The  same  encouragement  appears  from  a  comparison  of  our  benev- 
olent contributions  during  that  period.     Table  D  shows  these  contri- 


butions  for  the  period.  It  is  compiled  from  tlie  reports  of  Presby- 
teries, not  of  the  Boards,  for  the  reason  tliat  our  purpose  is  to  ascertain 
the  general  interest  of  the  Church  in  these  respective  causes.  Our 
report  deals  with  the  cause  and  only  incidentally  with  the  Board  of 
Ministerial  Education.  This  table  shows  that  within  this  period 
Foreign  Missions  made  an  increase  of  5  per  cent.,  Ministerial  Relief  of 
2  per  cent.,  Freedmen  of  6  per  cent,  and  Aid  for  Colleges  of  11  per  cent. 
The  decrease  in  Home  Missions  is  only  H  per  cent,  and  that  in  Church 
Erection  is  31  percent;  while  the  decrease  in  Education  is  60  per  cent. 
The  increase  in  gifts  to  live  of  our  causes  during  this  depressing  period 
is  encouraging  and  the  decrease  in  Home  Missions  is  so  small  as  to  be 
equally  encouraging  considering  all  that  has  transpired  within  this 
period.  The  question,  however,  forces  itself  upon  us,  why,  if  other 
causes  siiow  increase,  or  only  a  sliglit  decrease,  must  the  cause  of 
Education  suffer  so  fearfully  as  60  per  cent?  Why  is  it  tliat  the 
decrease  in  the  contributions  to  Education  should  be  nearly  twice  as 
much  as  that  of  Home  Missions  and  Churcii  Erection  put  togetlier? 

THE   HEAT.   EXPLANATION — A   WANING  INTEREST. 

These  explanations,  therefore,  are  not  sufficient.  The  loss,  decline 
and  shrinkage  in  the  cause  of  Ministerial  Education  is  in  the  face  of 
our  solid  growth  in  churches,  in  members  and  in  Sabbath  School 
attendance.  It  is  not  accounted  for  by  an  increased  supply  of  ministers 
from  other  sources;  it  is  not  explained  by  the  number  of  unemployed 
ministers;  it  is  without  parallel  in  our  other  causes  and  in  money  it 
represents  a  loss  greater  than  all  the  others  put  together.  There  can- 
not be  much  doubt  that  the  loss,  decline  and  shrinkage  in  the  cause  of 
Education  is  due  to  lack  of  interest  and  that  this  has  spread  through 
the  whole  Church,  affecting  ministers,  ruling  elders  and  congregations 
alike.  It  lias  made  ministers  and  elders  half-liearted  in  their  advo- 
cacy of  the  cause.  It  has  made  congregations  luke-warm  and  iiesitating 
in  their  gifts,  so  that  it  is  reported  to  this  Synod  that  some  of  tlie 
largest  and  most  influential  churches  within  our  bounds  have  failed  to 
contribute  during  the  past  year.  It  has  made  young  men  insensible 
to  the  claims  of  the  ministry  upon  their  serious  attention.  If  any 
other  conclusions  than  these  can  be  drawn  from  the  facts,  they  ought 
to  be  given  out. 

Tlie  Synod,  however,  will  doubtless  require  of  its  Committee  that  it 
pause  not  at  this  point,  but  indicate,  if  possible,  the  cause  of  this  lack 
of  interest.  Various  causes  may  be  j^iven,  eacli  of  wtiich  deserves  con- 
sideration, for,  in  complicated  questions  like  this,  there  is  no  one  cause 
that  explains  all  the  facts. 

Thus  it  has  been  attributed  to  a  decaying  piety  in  the  Church  at 
large  affecting  both  our  young  men  and  our  contributors.  In  view, 
however,  of  the  increase  of  contributions  to  other  Boards  no  more 
closely  related  to  the  welfare  of  the  Church  than  this,  this  explanation 
is  not  sufficient. 

THE  BOARD  OF   EDUCATION. 

It  has  also  been  attributed  to  the  methods  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 


tion,  the  central  bureau  through  which  the  Church  provides  tor  the 
support  of  candidates.  These  methods,  like  those  of  every  human 
organization,  are  not  perfect  and  our  official  correspondence  with  the 
Board,  as  well  as  our  practical  connection  with  the  work,  obliges  us 
to  say  that  those  methods  could  be  improved  upon.  The  Board  has 
become  too  much  of  an  administrative  body,  busy  with  the  details  and 
statistics  of  the  office.  It  has  ceased  in  large  measure  from  that  stren- 
uous personal  advocacy  of  the  cause  by  the  living  voice  of  its  represen- 
tatives, which  in  the  early  days  of  its  history  gave  it  such  hold  upon 
the  conscience  of  the  Church.  It  has  come  to  rely  of  late  upon 
correspondence  and  circulars  and  magazine  articles :  and  its 
literature  is  not  always  relevant  to  the  great  work  at  hand 
nor  does  it  always  exhibit  a  just  appreciation  of  the  Board's 
relation  to  tlie  Presbyteries.  Its  policy  towards  the  candidates  re- 
ceiving the  aid  of  the  Church  at  its  hands  is  at  times  lacking 
in  vigor  and  precision.  Further  than  this,  it  must  have  recognized 
the  changes  which  have  been  coming  over  the  work  :  yet  instead  of 
arousing  the  Church  to  their  significance,  it  has  been  content  to  re- 
cord them  in  its  statistical  reports  and  to  exercise  almost  herculean 
efforts  to  provide  by  special  gifts  against  our  failing  contributions. 
Less  than  this  cannot  be  said  in  any  just  estimate  of  the  present  loss, 
decline  and  shrhikage  in  the  cause  of  Ministerial  Education  :  yet  it  is 
easy  to  exaggerate  these  defects.  The  zeal  and  devoted  interest 
in  this  work  felt  by  the  members  of  the  Board  is  abundantly 
manifest.  What  its  struggles  have  been,  no  one  of  us  who  are  on  the 
outside  can  surmise.  The  Board,  too,  is  merely  the  agent  of  the 
Church  and  not  its  mentor,  and  the  duty  of  arousing  the  Church  to  the 
present  condition  of  affairs  devolves  not  upon  the  Board  only,  but  upon 
the  Presbyteries  and  the  Synods  as  well.  That  the  Board's  operations 
are  subject  to  improvement  has  just  been  plainly  indicated;  that  the 
trouble  lies  deeper  tluin  the  Board  and  could  not  be  corrected  merely 
by  changes  in  its  methods  we  will  now  endeavor  to  show. 

THE   PKESEYTERIES  THE   3IAIN   SOURCE. 

The  main  source  of  the  lack  of  interest  which  has  resulted  in  the 
decline  of  candidates  and  the  shrinkage  of  contributions  is,  in  our 
judgment,  to  be  found  in  our  Presbyteries.  This  is  a  confession  as 
well  as  a  criticism,  for  the  signers  of  tliis  report  represent  their  Pres- 
byteries ill  this  work.  Tlie  Presbyteries  are  the  original  and  the  per- 
petual authority  over  candidates  for  the  ministry,  and  their  autliority 
outranks  institutional  authority  and  administrative  authority. 
Neitiier  the  institutions  of  learning,  at  which  our  candidates  study, 
nor  the  Board  of  Education  through  which  pecuniary  assistance  is 
provided  foi- some  of  them  can  absolve  the  Presbyteries  from  their 
obligations,  or  divide  with  them  their  responsibility.  We  may  aban- 
don the  beneticiary  method  of  support  and  the  institutional  method 
of  instruction,  but  as. long  as  ours  is  a  Presbyterian  Church,  the  min- 
istry nmst  be  recruited  in  the  main  from  candidates  gathered  by  the 
Presbyteries.    The  Presbytery  oversees  the  ciuirches,  out  of    whicii 


the  candidates  come;  it  ascertains  their  personal  piety  and  their 
motives  for  seeking  the  ministry;  it  guides  them  in  their  course  of 
study  and  at  its  close  opens  to  them  their  fields  of  usefulness  and  any 
investigation  of  this  kind  which  stops  short  of  the  Presbytery  is  super- 
ficial and  unvrorthy  the  serious  attention  of  the  Cliurch,  If  the  Pres- 
byteries will  arise  and  do  their  duty  thoroughly,  the  difficulties  will, 
under  God's  blessing,  be  found  to  disappear  and  any  changes  in  our 
administrative  methods  that  may  be  needed  will  follow  easily. 

PRESBYTERIAL   AUTHORITY. 

Presbyterial  authority  over  candidates,  properly  includes  candi- 
dates, licentiates  and  local  evangelists.  That  authority  has  three 
distinct  fields  for  its  exercise,  the  reception  of  candidates,  the  super- 
vision of  candidates  and  the  support  of  candidates.  In  each  of  these, 
it  is  submitted  there  are  at  present  great  defects  and  these  defects  are 
the  chief  sources  of  our  present  diiticulties. 

I.    The  Reception  of  Candidates. 

1.  Presbyteries  have  a  duty  to  search  out  among  tlieir  churclies 
constantly  for  godly  and  gifted  men,  who  may  till  tlie  sacred  office;  to 
press  upon  these  the  claims  of  tliat  office  and  to  relieve  their  minds  of 
the  difficulties  wiiich  present  themselves,  and  to  obey  the  Master's  in- 
junction— "Pray  ye  therefore,  the  Lord  of  tlie  harvest,  that  He  will 
send  forth  laborers  into  His  harvest."  If  in  making  this  search,  the 
Presbyteries  have  failed  and  have  contented  themselves  v/itli  examin- 
ing the  young  men  who  on  their  own  responsibility  seek  the  ministry, 
we  have  at  once  some  explanation  of  the  decline  in  tlie  numbor  of 
candidates. 

2.  There  has  grown  up  in  some  Presbyteries,  a  practice  of  leaving 
to  the  committee  all  dealings  with  the  candidates.  Two  cases-  liave 
recently  come  to  our  notice;  the  one  an  ordained  minister  and  tlie 
otlier  a  senior  in  the  Seminary  course,  both  of  whom  received  aid  of 
the  Church  through  their  courses  of  training,  and  yet  by  no  fault  of 
their  own  were  never  received  as  candidates  by  the  Presbytery.  In 
their  cases.  Presbytery  allowed  itself  to  be  made  a  mere  bureau  for 
registering  applications  for  pecuniary  aid  and  devolved  its  own  duty 
upon  a  committee,  which  may  recommend  to,  but  ought  never  to  be  re- 
quired to  act  for,  the  Presbytery. 

3.  Presbyteries  are  responsible  for  their  candidates  to  the  Cluirch 
at  large.  If  they  receive  unfit  men,  they  are  not  only  at  fault,  but 
through  their  fault  have  afflicted  the  whole  Church,  for  such  men 
once  started  on  tlieir  careers  pass  readily  from  Presbytery  to  Presby- 
tery. It  is  difficult  to  refuse  applications  and  the  best  of  rules  is 
liable  to  fail  in  a  concrete  case;  but  if  tenderness  to  the  individual 
wvercomes  the  sense  of  fidelity  to  the  whole  body  of  believers,  there 
can  be  but  one  final  result.  Fidelity  requires  tliat  the  examination 
upon  receiving  a  candidate  should  be  close  and  particular  as  to  his  per- 
sonal piety  and  his  motives  for  seeking  the  ministry.  If  our  Presby- 
teries content  themselves  with  examinations  which  are  formal  and 
superficial,  it  is  no  wonder  that  men  creep  in  who  bring  disgrace  upon 


the  Church  and  the  ministry.  One  sucli  case  is  enough  in  the  public 
mind  to  offset  the  blameless  and  devout  lives  of  ninety-nine  worthy 
candidates.  fokeigxers  and  sthangeks. 

This  laxity  in  receiving  candidates  appears  with  regard  to  four  dis- 
tinct classes: 

(1)  Foreigners,  such  as  Persians.  Japanese  and  Italians,  who  make 
their  way  to  this  country  and  have  a  desire  to  study  for  the  ministry. 
Their  nationality  lends  special  interest  to  their  application  and  they 
are  received,  often  with  no  credentials  and  upon  no  careful  examin- 
ation into  their  antecedents  or  their  personal  character.     Within  our 

"period,  and  under  our  knowledge,  four  such  cases  have  arisen;  two  of 
them  Persians,  one  a  Japanese  and  one  a  Bulgarian.  These  candidates 
all  completed  their  Seminary  course,  l^ot  one  of  them  is  in  the  min- 
istry and  only  one  of  them  remains  in  connection  witii  the  Presby- 
terian Church. 

(2)  Strangers  in  the  bounds  of  Presbyteries  often  apply  to  be  re- 
ceived as  candidates  and  our  Presbyteries  with  scarcely  more  knowl- 
edge than  if  they  were  foreigners,  grant  their  applications.  Men  of 
this  class  who  are  called  to  the  ministry  will  always  be  able  to  furnish 
satisfactory  evidence  of  their  blameless  lives  and  of  their  previous  his- 
tory. So  true  is  this  tliat  only  a  rare  euK-rgency  can  justify  Presbytery 
In  receiving  a  man  from  beyond  its  own  bounds  merely  upon  his  own 
statements,  or  the  testimony  of  those  w  ho  are  but  slightly  acquainted 
witli  him. 

(3)  Students,  members  of  other  cLi'iioininations,  often  apply  for  ad 
mission,  giving  as  their  rea.son  their  decided  preference  for  some  one 
or  other  of  the  distinctive  features  of  Presbyterianisra.  and  Presby- 
teries, feeling  a  natural  gratification  in  this  preference,  hesitate  to 
inquire  closely  into  the  record  of  the  new  convert.  Tlie  result  is  that 
in  some  cases  the  discovery  is  made  too  late,  that  the  candidate  left 
his  own  denomination,  not  uf  his  own  choice,  but  through  necessity 
and  that  his  preference  for  I^resbyterianism  was  a  forced  preference. 
This  applies,  not  only  to  men  coming  from  the  Koman  Catholic  Church 
and  from  Judaism,  but  to  men  coming  from  bcKlies  more  closely  re- 
lated to  us.  Correspondence  with  representative  men  in  othei'  evan- 
gelical churches  shows  that  we  are  not  alone  in  this  experience. 

(4)  Candidates  from  other  Presbyteries  are  often  received  upon  let- 
ter without  inquiry  as  to  the  grounds  on  which  the  change  was  sought. 
Such  changes  are  often  desiraule  because  of  a  change  in  the  place  of 
residence  or  of  study  of  the  candidate;  but  in  other  cases  the  reason, 
if  searciied  into,  would  be  found  to  be  the  stricter  method  of  examin- 
ation for  licensure  and  ordination,  or  in  some  cases  an  attitude  towards 
his  own  Presbytery  which  must  have  led  to  a  rupture  of  relation. 
Careful  inquiry  on  the  part  of  the  Presbytery  will  develop  these  facts 
and  check  such  tendencies,  and  the  great  body  of  our  candidates  will 
lieartily  welcome  such  inquiry  as  will  not  only  protect  the  Church 
fr(»m  unworthy  men.  but  maintain  its  high  stamiard  for  learning  and 
for  discipline. 


10 
II.    The  Supervision  of   Candidates. 

This  supervision  is  in  its  nature,  pastoral.  Tlious^h  the  candidate 
continue  a  member  of  an  individual  church,  he  passes  practically  from 
the  care  of  its  session  to  the  care  of  the  Presbytery,  and  yet  he  needs 
such  supervision  as  only  a  pastor  can  give.  He  is  in  the  formative 
period  of  his  life,  usually  from  eighteen  to  twenty-tive  years  of  age. 
and  needs  a  guidance,  the  lack  of  which  he  is  often  painfully  aware 
of.  This  supervision  of  the  Presbytery  should  be  regular,  systematic 
and  definite  from  the  beginning  of  the  course  and  should  cover  every 
department  of  the  candidate's  life  and  training.  Yet,  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  it  is  very  much  neglected.  In  one  Presbytery  which  reported  four 
years  ago  seventy-five  candidates,  no  account  had  been  taken  for  sev- 
eral years  and  it  was  found  upon  inquiry,  that  one  or  two  of  the  can- 
didates were  dead  :  that  two  or  three  had  connected  themselves  with 
various  religious  bodies;  that  several  more  had  abandoned  the  ministry 
for  secular  callings,  and  of  a  dozen  at  least  no  trace  whatever  could  be 
found.  If  the  Presbyteries  do  not  assert  the  authoi'ity  which  belong.s 
to  them,  they  need  not  be  surprised  if  candidates  fail  to  recognize  it 
and  sometimes  make  mistakes  which,  by  wise  counsel,  might  be 
avoided.    This  supervision  includes  : 

1.  The  personal  demeanor  of  the  canidatc  as  a  Christian  man  in 
training  for  the  ministry.  Habits  into  which  a  young  man  left  alone 
is  apt  to  fall,  may  be  checked  by  the  firm  and  kindly  v/ord  of  the  Pres- 
bytery through  a  judicious  committee.  Extravagance  in  dress  and  in 
manner  of  life  and  indulgence  in  amusements  condemned  by  the 
experience  of  Christian  people,  are  frequently  cited  in  criticism  of 
our  young  men.  The  early  marriages  which  some  of  them  contract, 
burdening  themselves  through  their  course  of  training  with  family 
cares,  furnish  another  ground  of  criticism.  That  these  criticisms  are 
often  well  taken,  no  one  will  deny  ;  neither  can  anyone  deny  that  they 
might  be  made  unnecessary  by  a  proper  supervision.  A  wise  commit- 
tee always  does  far  more  than  it  reports  and  it  carries  seci'ets  safeh'. 

COURSES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 

2.  The  course  of  .study  adopted.  In  nearly  all  academic  institutions, 
elective  courses  are  offered,  and  candidates  left  to  themselves  will 
choose  such  as  accord  with  their  individual  tastes,  not  always  having 
regard  to  their  future  work.  One  young  man  was  found  a  year  ago  to" 
be  pursuing  a  course  of  botany,  zoology,  French  literature  and  oratory, 
and  when  he  was  informed  that  this  could  not  be  permitted,  he  with- 
drew from  the  care  of  the  Presbytery,  announcing  at  the  same  time 
his  determination  to  continue  his  studies  for  the  ministry.  Presby- 
teries to-day  may  properly  insist  that  classical,  as  opposed  to  scientific 
or  eclectic  courses  must  be  pursued  by  candidates  as  leading  up  to  the 
studies  of  the  theological  course.  In  the  same  connection.  Presby- 
teries ought  to  see  to  it  that  the  course  taken  is  faithfully  pursued.  A 
professor  in  an  institution  beyond  the  bounds  of  our  own  Synod,  in 
which  many  candidates  for  the  ministry  are  studying,  said  recently 
that  it  is  unusual  for  Presbyteries  to  take  notice  of  the  reports  of  his 


11 

faculty  showing  the  unexcused  absences  of  students  from  their  classes 
even  when  in  some  cases  these  absences  number  seventy-five  during 
the  year. 

3.  The  institution  at  which  the  candidate  pursues  his  studies  comes 
within  the  Presbyterial  Supervision.  Within  the  Church,  candidates 
may  properly  exercise  their  own  choice  as  to  Seminaries  and  even  as  to 
colleges  ;  although  some  candidates  in  choosing  colleges  need  to  be  re- 
minded that  the  highest  qualification  in  a  college  course  for  men 
looking  to  the  ministry,  is  not  the  work  of  the  college  foot-ball  team, 
or  glee-club,  but  the  adaptation  of  its  methods  to  their  future  work. 
Some  of  our  candidates  are  inclined,  for  private  reasons,  to  study  at 
institutions,  the  influence  of  which  is  bad  from  a  religious  standpoint. 
There  are  academic  atmospheres  of  great  reputation  for  learning,  the 
effect  of  whicli  within  the  four  years  course  is  to  transform  the  earnest 
Christian  into  a  cynic  or  an  agnostic.  Presbyteries  that  fail  to  prevent 
their  candidates  from  attending  such  institutions,  need  not  wonder  if 
these  candidates  sometimes  go  astray. 

4.  The  vacation  time  of  the  candidate  is  a  proper  subject  for  Pres- 
byterial inquiry.  Academic  students  of  limited  means  may  well 
engage  in  secular  employment  to  provide  for  their  support  in  the  year 
to  come:  yet  they  need  often  wise  advice  concerning  the  character  of 
the  business  offers  which  are  made  to  them  and  for  which  they  are 
entitled  to  look  to  the  Presbytery  through  its  comnjittee.  Seminary 
students  should  be  encouraged  during  their  vacations  to  try  their  gifts 
at  preaching  and  the  Presbyteries  have  not  only  the  right,  but  the 
duty  to  provide  work,  if  possible,  within  their  own  bounds  for  their 
own  candidates. 

EASY   LICENiSURE   AND   ORDINATION. 

5.  The  licensure  and  ordination  of  the  candidate  is  with  many 
Presbyteries,  a  matter  of  form  only.  The  examination  is  held,  but  if 
the  candidate  has  completed  his  course  of  study  in  some  well-known 
theological  institution,  it  is  taken  for  granted  that  he  ought  to  be 
qualified  to  preach,  even  though  his  answers  betray  woeful  ignorance: 
and  the  Presbytery,  even  against  its  own  judgment,  ushers  him  into 
the  sacred  ministry  out  of  mistaken  deference  to  the  institution  from 
which  he  comes.  '-Mistaken  deference."  we  sa}%  because  our  experi- 
ence with  theological  faculties  warrants  us  in  saying  that  they  recog- 
nize the  presbyterial  as  superior  to  the  institutional  authority  and 
the  fact  that  some  men  may  pass  their  technical  examinations  wlio- 
are  really  not  qualified  to  preach.  Of  this  only  the  Presbytery  can 
judge.  There  is  no  more  painful  siglit  than  that  of  men.  accredited 
ministers  of  the  gospel,  who  are  unable  to  do  the  work  of  the  ministry. 
Fidelity  to  the  Church  as  well  as  a  tender  regard  for  the  welfare  of 
these  men,  requires  of  our  Presbyteries,  that  their  examinations  for 
licensure  and  ordination  should  be  thorough  and  exact. 

This  supervision  is  not  difficult  if  conducted  in  a  systematic  way. 
If  the  candidate  is  informed  that  it  is  a  part  of  his  candidature,  he 
will  expect  it  and  will  adjust  himself  to  it.     In  some  Prcsbytei'ies  this 


12 

is  done  at  an  annual  nieetin^i'  of  the  Committee,  at  wliich  meeting 
every  candidate  is  required  to  be  present  in  person,  it  possible,  and  if 
not,  to  report  fully  upon  the  points  named  above.  Upon  the  basis  of 
this  report,  the  Committee  either  sanctions  or  disapproves  of  the 
course  of  the  candidate,  and  if  disapproved,  requires  him  to  amend  it. 
Candidates  who  fall  to  report  are.  after  due  notice,  dropped  from  the 
rolls  by  the  Pi-esbytery. 

III.    The  Support  of  Candidates. 

This  question  is  in  many  minds  the  center  of  the  controversy  con- 
cerning- Ministerial  Education:  if  the  foregoing  positions  be  well  taken, 
it  is  last  and  least. 

Concerning  the  Church's  support  of  candidates,  three  opinions  are 
held.  One  is  that  the  Cliurcli  should  decline  to  provide  support  for  its 
candidates.  This  is  the  method  of  the  Scottish  churches,  which  have 
no  such  system  as  ours  and  whose  institutions  of  learning  offer  only 
bursaries  or  scholarships,  such  as  may  be  tal<en  for  prizes.  The 
great  body  of  Scottish  candidates  for  the  ministry  make  their  way  as 
best  they  can.  Under  this  view,  the  question  of  support  would  dis- 
appear. The  second  method  is  that  of  the  United  States  government, 
in  the  education  of  her  officers  tor  the  army  and  navy.  It  is  the  op- 
posite of  the  Scottish  method,  in  that  it  provides  support  for  all. 
Every  cadet  upon  his  entering,  becomes  the  charge  of  the  government. 
He  is  fed  and  cli^thed  and  provided  with  his  education.  This  method 
seenjs  inviting,  but  before  it  could  be  adopted  in  our  Church,  it  would 
require  an  enormous  increase  to  our  contributions,  instead  of  the 
heavy  shrinkage  of  the  past  few  years. 

The  third  method  is  that  which  our  Church  for  many  years  has  fol- 
lowed. It  provides  partial  support  for  those  of  its  candidates  whose 
circumstances  would  otherwise  prevent  them  from  pursuing  their 
studies.  The  support,  therefore,  is  an  incident  to  our  system  of  candi- 
dature and  a  provision  for  exceptional  and  extraordinary  need.  The 
presumption  is,  or  ought  to  be,  that  the  candidate  can  provide  for  his 
own  support.  Upon  our  system  the  Presbytery  recomnieuds  to  the 
Board  of  Education  those  of  its  candidates  who  require  this  aid  and 
the  Board  of  Education  allots  the  contributions  of  the  Church  among 
tliose  candidates  as  far  as  they  will  go.  Primarily  this  is  the  whole 
work  of  the  Board  of  Education,  but  the  methods  of  the  Presbyteries 
in  receiving  and  supervising  candidates  are  at  times  so  lax  as  to  re- 
quire on  the  part  of  the  Board,  an  investigation  of  its  own.  With 
proper  presbyterial  supervision,  the  functions  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion would  be  very  greatly  reduced  and  its  expenses  correspondingly 
diminislied. 

The  functions  of  the  Presbytery  in  the  matter  of  support  are: 

1.  The  determination  of  the  support  needed  by  the  candidate. 
This  is  not  always  easy.  Some  candidates  out  of  a  sensitive  honor, 
refuse  all  aid  from  the  Church,  with  the  result  either  that  their  course 
of  training  is  unduly  prolonged,  oi-  tliat  their  health  is  impaired  by 
their  self-denials  in  food  and  clothing.    One  candidate,   now  a  useful 


13 

minister,  undertook  to  live  upon  such  food  as  he  could  buy  and  pre- 
pare himself  in  his  room  for  one  dollar  a  week,  until  the  Committee 
of  his  Presbytery  forbade  him  and  required  him  to  accept  aid  and  live 
at  a  comfortable  boarding  liouse.  Other  candidates  have  desired  to 
take  the  aid  as  a  loan  with  the  pledge  of  repaying  it  when  they  en- 
tered the  ministry  and  these  need  to  be  shown  tliat  the  aid  is  a  gift. 
With  tlie  slender  salaries  which  they  l^.ave  in  prospect  at  the  begin- 
ning of  their  ministry,  the  obligation  to  repay  the  aid  would  be  a 
burden  very  lieavy  to  be  borne. 

SUPPORT   NOT   A    PERCiUISITE. 

There  are  otliers.  however,  who  have  imbibed  the  opinion,  only  too 
common,  that  the  aid  provided  by  the  Church  is  a  perquisite,  or  at 
least  a  basis  of  support  on  which  they  may  count  and  to  which  any 
addition  of  their  own  is  so  much  clear  gain.  The  aid  of  tlie  Church, 
however,  is  only  intended  to  supplement  the  candidate's  private  re- 
sources, and  it  is  needful,  therefore,  to  ascertain  what  these  resources 
are.  If  these  be  suRicient  for  an  economical  life,  it  is  due  botli  to  the 
candidate  and  to  the  Church  that  no  aid  be  granted.  Tiiis  is  a  difficult 
task.  For  years  the  aid  lias  been  regarded  as  a  matter  of  course  and 
those  who  would  cheerfully  assist  the  young  men  were  they  likely  to 
suflfer,  feel  under  no  obligations  to  do  so.  when  the  funds  of  the  Church 
are  available.  Thus  it  happens  that  the  funds  wliich  might  be  enough 
for  all  cases  contemplated  by  the  Church  become  divided  and  subdivided 
until  the  support  becomes  a  travesty  upon  the  name.  Doubtless  our 
young  naen  are  often  at  fault,  but  if  Presbyteries  were  reasonably  dili- 
gent, there  would  be  le.ss  occasion  for  this  fault  to  show  itself. 

2.  The  development  of  responsibility  among  the  churclies  for  the 
support  of  candidates.  Long  dependence  upon  a  central  fund  has 
loosened  this  sen.se  of  responsibility.  Even  large  Presbyteries  have 
overdrawn  tiieir  contributions  to  the  Board  for  the  support  of  their 
candidates  and  Presbyteries  in  general  do  not  always  consider  tliat  for 
every  beneticiary  taken  upon  their  rolls  there  ought  of  right  to  be  a 
corresponding  increase  in  the  gifts  of  tlieir  Churciies.  This  work 
might  be  apportioned  among  the  clmrches  as  properly  as  that  of  Home 
Missions  and  tlie  support  of  candidates  for  the  ministry  by  individual 
cliurches  is  as  worthy  an  object  as  the  support  of  foreign  missionaries. 
Our  present  system  must  fail  when  Presbyteries  assume  no  charge  for 
the  maintenance  of  their  own  candidates.  That  system  provides  that 
the  weaker  I'resbyteries  may  overdraw  their  contributions,  but  if  the 
stronger  Presbyteries  do  tliis,  too,  tlie  fund  must  soon  break  down. 
Only  the  sharp  decline  in  the  number  of  candidates  has  saved  the 
Churcli  from  a  liuge  debt  for  Ministerial  Education  and  only  an  awak- 
ened sense  of  responsibility  on  tlie  pai"t  of  our  Presbyteries  will  save 
the  system  from  complete  collapse. 

These  particulars  may  perhaps  indicate  the  autliority  which  Presby- 
teries have  over  candidates  for  the  ministry,  the  exercise  of  which  is 
needful  to  the  working  of  the  Presbyterian  system  of  Education.  If 
in  any  of  tliese  particulars  thai  authority  has  been  surrendered,  if  tiie 


14 

candidates  have  been  left  to  themselves,  if  the  examinations  have 
been  perfunctory  and  the  contributions  of  the  churches  left  unnoticed, 
we  need  go  neither  to  the  Church  as  a  whole,  nor  to  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, for  explanation  of  the  decline  of  interest.  Whatever  the  fault 
elsewhere  may  be  the  largest  fault  is  our  own,  and  the  correction  of 
it  is  within  our  own  hand.  That  correction  is  our  pressing  duty.  The 
Church  may  grow  in  numbers  and  in  institutions  and  in  wealth,  but  if 
her  ministry  decline,  her  growth  is  in  vain,  her  work  is  over.  It  is  by 
the  living  voice  that  God  persuades  men  to  be  reconciled  to  Him;  it  is 
in  earthen  vessels  that  He  sends  to  men  the  heavenly  treasure;  and  if 
the  living  voice  be  hushed  and  the  earthen  vessel  be  broken,  it  is  time 
indeed  to  cry,  "Ichabod,  Ichabod,  Thy  glory  is  departed.'" 

In  view  of  these  facts,  the  following  resolutions  are  offered  for  the 
consideration  of  Synod: 

Eesolved:  .       ,  ^,  .    ,,        -,,      ,.      ^    .  , 

1.  That  the  Presbyteries  of  this  Synod  be  directed  be- 

fore its  next  meeting  to  make  careful  inquiry 
into  the  work  of  Ministerial  Education  within 
their  bounds,  including  both  the  supply  of  candi- 
dates and  the  contributions  of  the  churches;  and 
to  report  the  same  to  the  Committee  of  Synod, 
two  weeks  before  the  next  meeting. 

2.  That  to  this  end  it  be  recommended  that  Presby- 

teries make  in  advance  a  sj)ecial  order  for  such 
meeting  as  may  be  convenient  when  this  subject 
shall  be  considered  deliberately  and  prayerfully. 
8.  That  the  Committee  of  Synod  be  directed  to  ar- 
range for  a  conference  at  the  next  meeting  at 
which  the  results  of  the  presbyterial  meetings 
shall  be  reported  and  the  causes  and  the  cure  of 
this  decline  of  interest  in  Ministerial  Education 
shall  be  considered. 
All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

W.  S.  Plumek  Bryan,  Chicago,  Chairman. 

AMOS  H.  DEAN,  Monmouth.     . 
WALTER  H.  BRADLEY,  Upper  Alton. 
.TAS.  G.  BUTLER,  Osweg-o. 
A.  G.  C.  CLARKE,  Elmlra. 
DWIGHT  C.  HANNA,  Spring-field. 
WM.  A.  HUNTER,  Clinton. 
VV.  T.  WILCOX.  Roelcford. 


15 


TABLE  A. 
The  Loss,  Decline  and  Shrinkage  in  the  Church  as  a  Whole. 


pi 

Candidates 
Itcported  by 
Presbyteries. 

Candidates 

Receiving 

Aid  from  the 

Board. 

c  o 

Total 
Receipts  of 
the  Board. 

Offerings  to 
the  Board  of 
Churches,  S. 
S.  and  Young 
People's  Soc. 

No.  of 
Non-contrib- 
uting 
Churches. 

181)5 

I.ITT 

1,031 

$          314,637 

$          135,254 

$        50,901 

3.165 

4,140 

189G 

1.508 

1.037 

103,367 

103,443 

47,597 

3,203 

4.394 

1S97 

lA'Si 

911 

100.231 

78,657 

44,663 

'6A2A 

4,149 

1898 

1,101 

814 

84.056 

75,635 

43,369 

3.523 

4.108 

Loss  :;1G 

Loss  217 

Loss  $30,581 

Loss  $49,629 

Loss$7,532 

Gain  358 

Gain  32 

TABLE  D. 

CoiiPAKisoN  OF  Total  Gifts  to  the  Causes  of 
Systematic  Beneficence. 


1895  )  I  $    712,877.00  /  Tn..r«.,c.o  «-^,-  r-^n  on 

[  Foreign  Missions.  \  \  I'^^rease  .^ab.b20.00, 

1898)  {%   749,497.00) 


or  5  per  cent. 


1^'^95  )  i  «      92,923.00  )  T^^roase    «•'  22fi  00 

\  Ministerial  Relief  Increase    ■>^.226.00, 

1898  S  {  $      95,149.00  )  ^^  ^  I^®'  ^®"^- 

^^'nr,eeclnien  i '^  ^^^'^^^-^^N.  Increase  S6,91L0O, 

1898  i  I  $  118,359.001  ^^  ^  P^^'  ^^°^- 

1895  )  (  $  145,964.00  )  T,.,.„..,.p  «m  stc.  (IO 

\  Aid   for  Colleges.  -  -  ^"^^^'i^c  $18.8 .0.00- 

1898  \  {  $  164,840.00  ) 

On  the  other  hand,  causes  showing  decrease  are  : 

'^^nHo„,e  Mission.     ]  *  ^^^'™-'»  [  Deere.se  ,H.,»-,_0«,, 

1898  )  (  $  972,993.00  ) 

1895  1  (  $  217,824.00  )  -n^^,,^^^^  ^a»  n-w  nn 

[ Chnich  Erection.  -  I  Deciease  $68,032.00 

1898  )  i  $  149,792.00  )  °^  '^^  P"^  ^^^^- 

''''  I  Education  ^  '  ''''''''''  1 1>-^-^«^  $130,581.00- 

1898^  ■  1$     84,056.00  i  Nearly  61  per  cent. 


11  per  cent. 


or  li  per  cent. 


TABLE  B. 

The  Loss  in  Our  Syxod. 


YEAR. 

Candidates 
Aided  by 
tho  Board. 

Amount 

Keceivfd  by 

tho  Board. 

Amount 
Given  to  Can- 
didates. 

Contributing 
Churches. 

Xon-coutrib- 

utinff 

Churches. 

1I95 

189S 

72 

41 

$          4,5T«.00 

$           .3,615.00 

2.n:io.(>» 

,'i2S 
24S 

23!) 
241 

Loss  Kl 

Loss  $1,472.00 

Los.s  $3,68.3.00 

Gain     20 

Gain      JS 

TABLE  C. 
Vacant  Ciiukciies  and  Ministeus  Without  Kegulak  C'hahge 


Vacant 

Ministers. 

SYNODS. 

CUUKCHES. 

1895 

1898 

1895 

1898 

w.  c. 

EV. 

w.  c.    1 

EV. 

Atlantic 

ir, 
14 

8 
17 

9 
23 

3 

10 
27      1 

1 

Ba-ltiniort! 

California 

27 

3:) 

48 

8 

42 

2 

Catawba 

6 

1 

•> 

1 

2 

4 

Colorado 

19 
81 
43 

66 
33 

24 
31 
13 

23' 
12 

16 
42 
20 

1 

Illinois 

25 

Indiana 

5 

Indian  Ter 

18 

12 

6 

3 

1 

Iowa 

43 

44 

24 



(J 

31 

5 

Kansas 

(52 

.54 

15 

(5 

18 

10 

Kentucky 

21 

12 

.) 

0 

3 

.) 

Michigan 

38 

43 

23 

12 

22       j 

13 

Minnesota 

43 

40 

<) 

9 

11 

10 

Missouri 

55 

27 

•>•> 

8 

•>       '. 

;> 

Montana 

3 

76 

4 
34 

2 

8 

1 

8 

1 
15 

•> 

Nebraska 

11 

New  Jersey. .. 

25 

15 

40 

10 

46      ; 

11 

New  York 

71 

61 

95 

85 

97       1 

98 

North  Dakota 

10 

42 

6 

3 

Ohio 

100 

43 

36 

20 

46       j 

40 

Oregon 

9 

19 

7 

2 

4 

3 

Pennsylvania .. 

175 

100 

60 

72 

67 

54 

South  Dakota.. 

31 

28 

8 

9 

3 

Tennessee 

23 

17 

4 

3 

4 

3 

Texas 

3 

4 

3 

3 

1 

Utah 

1 

5 

•t 

i 

5 

Washington  ... 

16 

17 

4 

8 

19 

1 

Wisconsin 

22 

34 

837"" 

16 

3 

9 

2 

Totals 

1,021 

545 

312 

572 

313 

Totals,  W.  C.  and  Ev.,  1895,  857. 
Totals,  W.  C.  and  Ev.,  1898,  885. 


Date  Due 


Y  3- '48 


